Ophthalmology
Question 41 of 97
A 45 year old man presents with a history of an irritated, red and watering left eye. On examination you note sectoral redness and diagnose episcleritis. Which of the following statements regarding management of this condition is TRUE?
Answer:
Episcleritis management:- Referral to ophthalmology to confirm diagnosis
- For patients not bothered by the presence of episcleritis, treatment is generally not needed because symptoms and findings typically resolve over several weeks
- For patients bothered by the presence of episcleritis (in order of use):
- Artificial tear preparations
- Topical NSAIDs
- Topical glucocorticoids
Episcleritis and Scleritis
Ophthalmology
Last Updated: 12th February 2021
Episcleritis is inflammation of the episclera (a thin layer of tissue that lies between the conjunctiva and the sclera).
Scleritis is inflammation of the sclera (the white outer wall of the eye).
Risk factors
- Episcleritis:
- Most patients do not have an underlying systemic inflammatory or infectious disease
- Scleritis:
- Most patients have an underlying systemic inflammatory or infectious disease (the most common association is with rheumatoid arthritis)
Clinical features
- Episcleritis:
- Symptoms
- Acute onset of redness, irritation and watering of the eye
- Signs
- Sectoral redness in eye (inflammatory nodule may be present over the area)
- Episcleritis may be differentiated from scleritis by using phenylephrine eye drops, which cause blanching of the blood vessels in episcleritis, but not in scleritis (also episcleral vessels can be moved with a cotton bud)
- Symptoms
- Scleritis:
- Symptoms
- Acute onset of severe ocular pain and redness (pain may be described as 'deep' or 'boring' and is worse with ocular movement and at night)
- Tender eye
- Lacrimation
- Photophobia
- Visual disturbance
- Signs
- Deep scleral vessel engorgement
- Bluish purple discolouration of the sclera
- Pain on ocular palpation
- Reduced visual acuity
- Symptoms
Management
- Episcleritis
- Referral to ophthalmology to confirm diagnosis
- For patients not bothered by the presence of episcleritis, treatment is generally not needed because symptoms and findings typically resolve over several weeks
- For patients bothered by the presence of episcleritis (in order of use):
- Artificial tear preparations
- Topical NSAIDs
- Topical glucocorticoids
- Scleritis
- Urgent referral to ophthalmology
- Systemic therapy with NSAIDs, glucocorticoids or other immunosuppressive drugs
Complications
- Episcleritis
- Rare
- Scleritis:
- Keratitis
- Scleral thinning
- Raised intraocular pressure
- Globe perforation
- Glaucoma
- Cataracts
- Retinal detachment
- Permanent visual loss
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- Biochemistry
- Blood Gases
- Haematology
| Biochemistry | Normal Value |
|---|---|
| Sodium | 135 – 145 mmol/l |
| Potassium | 3.0 – 4.5 mmol/l |
| Urea | 2.5 – 7.5 mmol/l |
| Glucose | 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/l |
| Creatinine | 35 – 135 μmol/l |
| Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) | 5 – 35 U/l |
| Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) | < 65 U/l |
| Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) | 30 – 135 U/l |
| Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) | < 40 U/l |
| Total Protein | 60 – 80 g/l |
| Albumin | 35 – 50 g/l |
| Globulin | 2.4 – 3.5 g/dl |
| Amylase | < 70 U/l |
| Total Bilirubin | 3 – 17 μmol/l |
| Calcium | 2.1 – 2.5 mmol/l |
| Chloride | 95 – 105 mmol/l |
| Phosphate | 0.8 – 1.4 mmol/l |
| Haematology | Normal Value |
|---|---|
| Haemoglobin | 11.5 – 16.6 g/dl |
| White Blood Cells | 4.0 – 11.0 x 109/l |
| Platelets | 150 – 450 x 109/l |
| MCV | 80 – 96 fl |
| MCHC | 32 – 36 g/dl |
| Neutrophils | 2.0 – 7.5 x 109/l |
| Lymphocytes | 1.5 – 4.0 x 109/l |
| Monocytes | 0.3 – 1.0 x 109/l |
| Eosinophils | 0.1 – 0.5 x 109/l |
| Basophils | < 0.2 x 109/l |
| Reticulocytes | < 2% |
| Haematocrit | 0.35 – 0.49 |
| Red Cell Distribution Width | 11 – 15% |
| Blood Gases | Normal Value |
|---|---|
| pH | 7.35 – 7.45 |
| pO2 | 11 – 14 kPa |
| pCO2 | 4.5 – 6.0 kPa |
| Base Excess | -2 – +2 mmol/l |
| Bicarbonate | 24 – 30 mmol/l |
| Lactate | < 2 mmol/l |
